Fire Safety Engineering
2-Hour Fire Wall: What a Fire Resistance Rating Measures
A 2-hour fire resistance rating means a wall survived a 1918 furnace curve, not a real fire. Here is what the test proves, and where it falls short.
#ASTM E119
2 articles.
Fire Safety Engineering
Critical Temperature: Why Steel Softens and Concrete Spalls
The 550 °C critical temperature of steel comes from a load ratio, not from metallurgy. Here is the real physics, and why hot concrete explodes.